This stem borer can be confused with species of sesamia which are very similar. Phylogeography and population genetics of the maize stalk. The average land holding per household is below one hectare of arable land dessie and kleman, 2007. Developmental stages of the maize stalk borer, busseola fusca. Busseola fusca larvae damage all plant parts of the cultivated crops they attack. Busseola fusca can also be confused with other african species of besseola, poeonoma and manga, which have similar wing patterns but are rarely found on crops. Busseola fusca pdf busseola fusca exhibits oligophagous feeding behavior on host plants belonging to the family poaceae. Guts tissues were homogenized in 1ml of extraction buffer 100mm potassium phosphate buffer ph 7.
The laboratory investigation has shown the diapause maintenance and post. Abstract the sustainability of genetically engineered insecticidal bacillus thuringiensis berliner bt maize, zea mays l. University of nairobi thesis submitted to the university of nairobi, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a master of science degree in crop protection. Study of the population dynamics of busseola fusca, maize. Busseola fusca fuller, the african maize stalk borer. Due to the occurrence of distinct periods of moth flight, variation in planting date had a marked influence on levels of larval infestation. The termination of diapause in larvae of the maize stalk borer, busseola fusca fuller, in southern ethiopia was studied under field and laboratory conditions. Ecology of the african maize stalk borer, busseola fusca ncbi. Derg, identified by farmers as an important political driver of change. Pdf techniques are described for the continuous rearing of busseola fusca fuller lepidoptera. Although bt maize has been cultivated in the eastern cape province since 2001, no. The effect of temperature on the reproduction and development of busseola fusca was studied under laboratory conditions. Busseola fusca was first mentioned as sesamia fusca in a report by. Landscape heterogeneity is characteristic of african agroecosystems.
However, the identity and genetic diversity of stemborers infesting sugarcane in malawi is unknown. In subsaharan africa, busseola fusca fuller lepidoptera, noctuidae is considered as one of the major stem borer pests of maize zea mays and sorghum sorghum bicolor 1. Native and exotic lepidopteran stemborers significantly limit sugarcane production. The stem borers, busseola fusca fuller lepidoptera. Pierre silvie at the jkia and is received by an ird driver. Sugarcane is one of the most valuable crops in the world.
Tpc6 maize stalk borer, busseola fusca the maize stalk or stem borer is a widespread pest throughout tropical and subtropical africa, from south of the sahara to south africa, usually in areas with and altitude greater than 700m. Draft genome of busseola fusca, the maize stalk borer, a. The influence of temperature on the development, mortality, fecundity and life table parameters of two important noctuid african cereal pests, busseola fusca and sesamia calamistis was investigated under laboratory conditions. Volatiles released by two cultivated hosts, sorghum and maize sorghum bicolor and zea mays, and two wild grass hosts, pennisetum purpureum and hyparrhenia tamba, were collected by air entrainment.
Efficacy of the aqueous crude seed extract of millettia. Due to its abundance and distribution, it represents the major constraint to the production of maize and sorghum in many regions of subsaharan africa kfir et al. Ecology of the african maize stalk borer, busseola fusca lepidoptera. Introduction the african maize stem borer, busseola fusca fuller, is the most important insect pest of maize in south africa. Species diversity and distribution of lepidopteran stem borers in. Busseola fusca occurs throughout subsaharan africa 6 but not in zanzibar and madagascar 48. Pdf the effect of temperature on the reproduction and development of busseola fusca was. The first hours in the life of a busseola fusca horizon ird. Noctuidae, has evolved resistance to bt maize expressing cry1ab proteins, with numerous reports of resistance from the highveld region of the country. Adults of the african maize stalkborer and the pink stemborer look similar in appearance but the forewings of the african maize stalkborer have dark patterns and are a darker brown than those of the pink stemborer. Some, such as the maize stalk borer busseola fusca, display significant geographic differences in ecological preferences that may be congruent with patterns of molecular variation. A generally accepted estimate of annual losses during the early part. They might contain diapausing larvae which will be a source of infestation for the next crop. The evolution of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis bt maize by the african stem borer, busseola fusca, in south africa highlighted the importance of the development of appropriate integrated resistance management irm strategies for stem borers in africa.
Busseola fusca larvae were cold anaesthetised and whole guts dissected into chilled deionised water 1gut50l. Alternatively, simply leaving stems lying on the ground exposed to the full heat of the sun for a month or so after harvest has been shown to reduce populations of. Factsheet busseola fusca fuller, 1901 african maize. The stemborers chilo partellus and busseola fusca are major pests of subsistence cereal farming in africa. The larvae of african maize stalkborer busseola fusca and the pink stemborer sesamia calamistis are very similar in biology and morphology but can usually be distinguished in the adult stages. Wefco marketing cc bears no responsibility for failures, which may occur when non recommended chemicals are used in conjunction with this system. Busseola fusca, stenocarpella maydis, zea mays to whom correspondence should be addressed. Ecology of the african maize stalk borer, busseola fusca. No l2885, hostathion ec reg no l298, decis reg no l1741 for the control of maize stalk borer busseola fusca fuller.
Distribution maps top of page you can pan and zoom the map. Sesamia calamistis, the african pink stem borer, is also known as the african pink borer of. Busseola fusca lays eggs in a mass, not covered with a tuft of hairs, and individual eggs are hemispherical with crenulations radial vertical ridges on the egg shell. One century after its first description by fuller in 1901, inaccurate information based on. Busseola fusca is the major maize stemborer species found in the area.
Busseola fusca is a maize and sorghum pest that can cause significant damage to both crops. In the value of phenology in increasing the productivity of crops. Biological control of cereal stemborers busseola fusca and. Noctuidae by michael ronald barrow submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the department of zoology and entomology faculty of science, university of natal pietermaritzburg december, 1989. In 1953 african species of sesamia and related genera were morphotaxonomically revised and finally s. Pyralidae, are the most important pests of maize and grain sorghum in south africa. Genetically, this species is different from other species in the region and there are limited chances of misidentification table 1.
Control of the sorghum stem borer, busseola fusca, by partial burning of the stalks. Crop residues should therefore be burnt, deeply buried, or fed to cattle. Chilo partellus is commonly known as the spotted stem borer. Noctuidae in maize in the humid forest zone of southern cameroon. This results in characteristic lines of holes and windows. Ecology of the maize stalk borer, busseola fusca fuller. One century after its first description by fuller in 1901, inaccurate information based on earlier reports are still propagated on its distribution e. The main objectives for this study were to identify and determine genetic diversity in stemborers infesting sugarcane in malawi. Monitoring resistance to bt maize in field populations of. African maize stalk borer, 58th instars african pink stem borer busseola fusca d. A egg, b larva, c pupa, d adult male, and e adult female.
Busseola fusca, the african maize stalk borer is also commonly known as the maize stem borer and sorghum stalk stem borer. A special word of thanks to my creator who granted me the opportunity to study his creation. Chilo partellus accidentally came to africa from asia in the 1930s. The early stages of the caterpillars feed on the leaves in the funnel of the plant. Pdf improved techniques for massrearing busseola fusca. This necessitates the implementation of insect resistance management irm strategies such as the highdoserefuge strategy. The evolution of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis bt maize by the african stem borer, busseola fusca, in south africa highlighted the importance of the development of appropriate integrated. Poaceae, is threatened by the evolution of resistance by target pest species. The first description of the oviposition site, eggs, larval. Effect of temperature on the life history parameters of. Parasitoids, pathogens and predators curtailed populations of b.
While transgenic maize has provided some transitory benefits to commercial maize farmers, the context for the vast majority of african maize farmers is quite different. To test this, we collected 307 individuals of this species from maize and cultivated sorghum at 52 localities. Several lepidoptera species have evolved resistance to cry proteins expressed by bt maize over the last decade, including the african maize stem borer, busseola fusca fuller lepidoptera. Over 98 percent of maize farmers in africa are smallholders, growing maize on less than 2 ha of land and typically saving seed to plant. Ecology of the african maize stalk borer, bussolea fusca.
Given that maize is one of the main cereals grown in the worldwide, this pest is a major challenge for maize production and therefore for the economies of several countries. Noctuidae is an important pest of maize and sorghum in subsaharan africa. Duration of diapause in the stem borers, busseola fusca and chilo partellus. Genetic diversity and population structure of busseola. Pdf ecology of the african maize stalk borer, busseola. Noctuidae is an important pest of maize and sorghum in east and southern africa. Stem borer busseola fusca fuller and in the spotted stem borer chilo partellus swinhoe to btmaize 8endotoxins regina mumbu tende b. The maize stalk borer, busseola fusca fuller lepidoptera, noctuidae. Efficacy of the aqueous crude seed extract of millettia ferruginea fabaceae on the maize stemborer busseola fusca lepidoptera. The population genetics and phylogeography of african phytophagous insects have received little attention. Larval migration behaviour of busseola fusca lepidoptera.
Termination of diapause in the maize stalk borer, busseola. Chilo patellus r is present in low and midaltitude areas zero to 4000ft 1230 m above sea level. Genetically modified maize has been shown to be effective against b. Evaluation of four cropping systems in the control of maize stem borers and the effects on maize growth and grain yield. We selected representative landscapes in three districts. Sesamia calamistis, the african pink stem borer, is also known as the african pink borer of sugarcane, mauritius pink. Electrophysiological responses of the lepidopterous.
Noctuidae is a stemborer pest that attacks maize zea mays throughout subsaharan africa. Abundance, dispersion and parasitism of the stem borer busseola fusca lepidoptera. The adults lay batches of 30100 eggs under the edges of leaf sheaths or in long columns up the stem. Introduction busseola fusca was first mentioned as sesamia fusca in a report by fuller in 1901 1 and described under the same name by hampson in 1902 2. Major stem borers of maize and sorghum in west africa include b. Pdf busseola fusca fuller, the african maize stalk borer. Pdf resistance of busseola fusca to cry1ab bt maize. Noctuidae is a destructive pest of maize throughout the african continent. Bjsseola of water contact as a factor terminating larval diapause in a stem borer, busseola fusca. Bt maize is an effective control measure for this pest, however, selection pressure for resistance evolution is high. Adesiyun and ajayi 1980 showed that partial burning of sorghum stalks kills 95% of b.
S1, supplementary material online, is an important pest of cereal crops in central, east, and southern africa. Hawassa zuria, tula and wondo genet along a gradient of decreasing annualperennial crops. Busseola fusca is indigenous to africa and is present in high and midaltitude a reas 3500t 1077m abf ove sea level and higher. Stems and damaged cobs should not be left in the field. Noctuidae with special reference to insectplant interactions. Appropriate disposal of crop residues after harvest can reduce carryover populations of vusseola larvae and so limit initial establishment of the pest on the following seasons crops. Single malefemale pairs were confined to oviposition chambers kept at 15, 20, 26 and 30 1c and a 14l. Resistance to bt maize in busseola fusca lepidoptera. Pdf the effect of temperature on the development and. Busseola fusca is a species of moth that is also known as the maize stalk borer. Recent surveys in western kenya indicated the presence of another busseola species on maize, busseola segeta bowden lepidoptera, noctuidae 2,3. New information on the intraseasonal progression of larval infestations of busseola fusca fuller in south africa was obtained through repeated sampling in maize plantings of different planting dates over various seasons. The larvae feed on various grasses, as well as zea mays, sorghum and saccharum species.
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