Busseola fusca can also be confused with other african species of besseola, poeonoma and manga, which have similar wing patterns but are rarely found on crops. Pdf techniques are described for the continuous rearing of busseola fusca fuller lepidoptera. Larval migration behaviour of busseola fusca lepidoptera. Study of the population dynamics of busseola fusca, maize.
Sugarcane is one of the most valuable crops in the world. Adults of the african maize stalkborer and the pink stemborer look similar in appearance but the forewings of the african maize stalkborer have dark patterns and are a darker brown than those of the pink stemborer. Parasitoids, pathogens and predators curtailed populations of b. Introduction the african maize stem borer, busseola fusca fuller, is the most important insect pest of maize in south africa. One century after its first description by fuller in 1901, inaccurate information based on earlier reports are still propagated on its distribution e. Resistance to bt maize in busseola fusca lepidoptera. Ecology of the african maize stalk borer, busseola fusca ncbi. Busseola fusca is indigenous to africa and is present in high and midaltitude a reas 3500t 1077m abf ove sea level and higher. Noctuidae in maize in the humid forest zone of southern cameroon. Given that maize is one of the main cereals grown in the worldwide, this pest is a major challenge for maize production and therefore for the economies of several countries. Busseola fusca is the major maize stemborer species found in the area. Busseola fusca larvae were cold anaesthetised and whole guts dissected into chilled deionised water 1gut50l.
This necessitates the implementation of insect resistance management irm strategies such as the highdoserefuge strategy. African maize stalk borer, 58th instars african pink stem borer busseola fusca d. The larvae feed on various grasses, as well as zea mays, sorghum and saccharum species. Developmental stages of the maize stalk borer, busseola fusca. Busseola fusca, stenocarpella maydis, zea mays to whom correspondence should be addressed. The adults lay batches of 30100 eggs under the edges of leaf sheaths or in long columns up the stem. Guts tissues were homogenized in 1ml of extraction buffer 100mm potassium phosphate buffer ph 7. New information on the intraseasonal progression of larval infestations of busseola fusca fuller in south africa was obtained through repeated sampling in maize plantings of different planting dates over various seasons. The early stages of the caterpillars feed on the leaves in the funnel of the plant. Busseola fusca, the african maize stalk borer is also commonly known as the maize stem borer and sorghum stalk stem borer. The evolution of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis bt maize by the african stem borer, busseola fusca, in south africa highlighted the importance of the development of appropriate integrated resistance management irm strategies for stem borers in africa. However, the identity and genetic diversity of stemborers infesting sugarcane in malawi is unknown. This results in characteristic lines of holes and windows.
Noctuidae is an important pest of maize and sorghum in east and southern africa. Noctuidae, has evolved resistance to bt maize expressing cry1ab proteins, with numerous reports of resistance from the highveld region of the country. Adesiyun and ajayi 1980 showed that partial burning of sorghum stalks kills 95% of b. Volatiles released by two cultivated hosts, sorghum and maize sorghum bicolor and zea mays, and two wild grass hosts, pennisetum purpureum and hyparrhenia tamba, were collected by air entrainment. Genetically, this species is different from other species in the region and there are limited chances of misidentification table 1. Genetically modified maize has been shown to be effective against b. The first hours in the life of a busseola fusca horizon ird. Electrophysiologically active components in these samples. Over 98 percent of maize farmers in africa are smallholders, growing maize on less than 2 ha of land and typically saving seed to plant. Distribution maps top of page you can pan and zoom the map. Pierre silvie at the jkia and is received by an ird driver. This stem borer can be confused with species of sesamia which are very similar. Pdf ecology of the african maize stalk borer, busseola. A special word of thanks to my creator who granted me the opportunity to study his creation.
Due to the occurrence of distinct periods of moth flight, variation in planting date had a marked influence on levels of larval infestation. Derg, identified by farmers as an important political driver of change. In the value of phenology in increasing the productivity of crops. The stem borers, busseola fusca fuller lepidoptera. Efficacy of the aqueous crude seed extract of millettia ferruginea fabaceae on the maize stemborer busseola fusca lepidoptera. Several lepidoptera species have evolved resistance to cry proteins expressed by bt maize over the last decade, including the african maize stem borer, busseola fusca fuller lepidoptera. Ecology of the african maize stalk borer, busseola fusca. Duration of diapause in the stem borers, busseola fusca and chilo partellus. Introduction busseola fusca was first mentioned as sesamia fusca in a report by fuller in 1901 1 and described under the same name by hampson in 1902 2.
Sesamia calamistis, the african pink stem borer, is also known as the african pink borer of sugarcane, mauritius pink. Effect of temperature on the life history parameters of. A egg, b larva, c pupa, d adult male, and e adult female. Ecology of the african maize stalk borer, bussolea fusca. The evolution of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis bt maize by the african stem borer, busseola fusca, in south africa highlighted the importance of the development of appropriate integrated. A generally accepted estimate of annual losses during the early part. The main objectives for this study were to identify and determine genetic diversity in stemborers infesting sugarcane in malawi. Abundance, dispersion and parasitism of the stem borer busseola fusca lepidoptera. Evaluation of four cropping systems in the control of maize stem borers and the effects on maize growth and grain yield.
Appropriate disposal of crop residues after harvest can reduce carryover populations of vusseola larvae and so limit initial establishment of the pest on the following seasons crops. Monitoring resistance to bt maize in field populations of. Due to its abundance and distribution, it represents the major constraint to the production of maize and sorghum in many regions of subsaharan africa kfir et al. Landscape heterogeneity is characteristic of african agroecosystems. The population genetics and phylogeography of african phytophagous insects have received little attention. Hawassa zuria, tula and wondo genet along a gradient of decreasing annualperennial crops. Poaceae, is threatened by the evolution of resistance by target pest species. Recent surveys in western kenya indicated the presence of another busseola species on maize, busseola segeta bowden lepidoptera, noctuidae 2,3. Genetic diversity and population structure of busseola.
Pyralidae, are the most important pests of maize and grain sorghum in south africa. No l2885, hostathion ec reg no l298, decis reg no l1741 for the control of maize stalk borer busseola fusca fuller. Some, such as the maize stalk borer busseola fusca, display significant geographic differences in ecological preferences that may be congruent with patterns of molecular variation. The stemborers chilo partellus and busseola fusca are major pests of subsistence cereal farming in africa.
Each female lays on average about 200 eggs over its short lifespan of several days. The first description of the oviposition site, eggs, larval. Abstract the sustainability of genetically engineered insecticidal bacillus thuringiensis berliner bt maize, zea mays l. Busseola fusca larvae damage all plant parts of the cultivated crops they attack. Pdf resistance of busseola fusca to cry1ab bt maize. The effect of temperature on the reproduction and development of busseola fusca was studied under laboratory conditions. The maize stalk borer, busseola fusca fuller lepidoptera, noctuidae. Chilo partellus accidentally came to africa from asia in the 1930s. Stems and damaged cobs should not be left in the field. The laboratory investigation has shown the diapause maintenance and post. The larvae of african maize stalkborer busseola fusca and the pink stemborer sesamia calamistis are very similar in biology and morphology but can usually be distinguished in the adult stages. Control of the sorghum stem borer, busseola fusca, by partial burning of the stalks. We selected representative landscapes in three districts.
S1, supplementary material online, is an important pest of cereal crops in central, east, and southern africa. Busseola fusca pdf busseola fusca exhibits oligophagous feeding behavior on host plants belonging to the family poaceae. In subsaharan africa, busseola fusca fuller lepidoptera, noctuidae is considered as one of the major stem borer pests of maize zea mays and sorghum sorghum bicolor 1. One century after its first description by fuller in 1901, inaccurate information based on. Electrophysiological responses of the lepidopterous. Noctuidae is a destructive pest of maize throughout the african continent. The average land holding per household is below one hectare of arable land dessie and kleman, 2007. Chilo patellus r is present in low and midaltitude areas zero to 4000ft 1230 m above sea level. The sustainability of genetically engineered insecticidal bacillus thuringiensis berliner bt maize, zea mays l. Busseola fusca is a maize and sorghum pest that can cause significant damage to both crops. Species diversity and distribution of lepidopteran stem borers in. They might contain diapausing larvae which will be a source of infestation for the next crop. In 1953 african species of sesamia and related genera were morphotaxonomically revised and finally s. Crop residues should therefore be burnt, deeply buried, or fed to cattle.
Efficacy of the aqueous crude seed extract of millettia. Bjsseola of water contact as a factor terminating larval diapause in a stem borer, busseola fusca. Draft genome of busseola fusca, the maize stalk borer, a. Noctuidae by michael ronald barrow submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the department of zoology and entomology faculty of science, university of natal pietermaritzburg december, 1989.
Tpc6 maize stalk borer, busseola fusca the maize stalk or stem borer is a widespread pest throughout tropical and subtropical africa, from south of the sahara to south africa, usually in areas with and altitude greater than 700m. The termination of diapause in larvae of the maize stalk borer, busseola fusca fuller, in southern ethiopia was studied under field and laboratory conditions. Alternatively, simply leaving stems lying on the ground exposed to the full heat of the sun for a month or so after harvest has been shown to reduce populations of. Noctuidae with special reference to insectplant interactions. Bt maize is an effective control measure for this pest, however, selection pressure for resistance evolution is high. Chilo partellus is commonly known as the spotted stem borer. The influence of temperature on the development, mortality, fecundity and life table parameters of two important noctuid african cereal pests, busseola fusca and sesamia calamistis was investigated under laboratory conditions. Biological control of cereal stemborers busseola fusca and.
Busseola fusca occurs throughout subsaharan africa 6 but not in zanzibar and madagascar 48. Pdf the effect of temperature on the reproduction and development of busseola fusca was. Phylogeography and population genetics of the maize stalk. Busseola fusca, chilo partellus, sesamia calamistis. Pdf the effect of temperature on the development and. Busseola fusca lays eggs in a mass, not covered with a tuft of hairs, and individual eggs are hemispherical with crenulations radial vertical ridges on the egg shell. University of nairobi thesis submitted to the university of nairobi, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a master of science degree in crop protection. To test this, we collected 307 individuals of this species from maize and cultivated sorghum at 52 localities. Pdf busseola fusca fuller, the african maize stalk borer. Busseola fusca was first mentioned as sesamia fusca in a report by. Pdf improved techniques for massrearing busseola fusca. Termination of diapause in the maize stalk borer, busseola. Major stem borers of maize and sorghum in west africa include b. Noctuidae is an important pest of maize and sorghum in subsaharan africa.
While transgenic maize has provided some transitory benefits to commercial maize farmers, the context for the vast majority of african maize farmers is quite different. Stem borer busseola fusca fuller and in the spotted stem borer chilo partellus swinhoe to btmaize 8endotoxins regina mumbu tende b. Sesamia calamistis, the african pink stem borer, is also known as the african pink borer of. Ecology of the maize stalk borer, busseola fusca fuller. Single malefemale pairs were confined to oviposition chambers kept at 15, 20, 26 and 30 1c and a 14l. Ecology of the african maize stalk borer, busseola fusca lepidoptera. Native and exotic lepidopteran stemborers significantly limit sugarcane production. Although bt maize has been cultivated in the eastern cape province since 2001, no.
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